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Generalized plant defense: effects on multiple species.

Vera A Krischik1, Robert W Goth2, Pedro Barbosa3

  • 1Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, USA.

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|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Plant secondary chemicals like nicotine harm generalist herbivores and bacteria, but not specialists. This suggests chemical defenses are broadly toxic, with organism tolerance determining impact.

Keywords:
Community structureGeneralized plant defenseManduca sextaPseudomonas sp.Trichoplusia ni

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Area of Science:

  • Plant chemistry
  • Insect toxicology
  • Microbial ecology

Background:

  • Plant secondary compounds mediate interactions between plants and other organisms.
  • Alkaloids and flavonoids are classes of plant chemicals with diverse biological activities.
  • Herbivores and pathogens can influence plant quality and each other's colonization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential effects of nicotine and rutin on specialist and generalist herbivores.
  • To determine the impact of nicotine and rutin on the growth of Pseudomonas bacterial pathogens.
  • To explore the interplay between herbivory, pathogen infection, and plant quality.

Main Methods:

  • Larval survival and pupal weight of Manduca sexta (specialist) and Trichoplusia ni (generalist) were assessed on synthetic diets containing nicotine or rutin.
  • Growth of five Pseudomonas species was evaluated on nutrient agar supplemented with varying concentrations of nicotine or rutin.
  • Plant quality was analyzed in studies involving herbivore and pathogen inoculation.

Main Results:

  • Nicotine inhibited generalist herbivores (T. ni) but not specialist herbivores (M. sexta).
  • Rutin had limited effects on generalist herbivores and no effect on specialist herbivores.
  • Nicotine significantly inhibited the growth of all tested Pseudomonas species, while rutin did not.
  • Pseudomonas solanacearum infection reduced the growth of three herbivore species, potentially by altering leaf nutrients or increasing allelochemicals.

Conclusions:

  • Nicotine exhibits broad toxicity against generalist herbivores and bacterial pathogens, indicating a generalized defense mechanism.
  • Organismal tolerance, rather than specific chemical-organism interactions, dictates the observed effects of plant secondary compounds.
  • Herbivores and pathogens can reciprocally influence plant quality, leading to complex community dynamics on host plants.