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Loblolly pine grown under elevated CO2 affects early instar pine sawfly performance.

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  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, Columbia, SC, USA.

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Summary

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increase loblolly pine needle consumption by red-headed pine sawfly larvae due to changes in nutrient content. However, larval growth and nitrogen accumulation remain unaffected, suggesting resilience in this insect herbivore.

Keywords:
Elevated CO2Neodiprion leconteiNitrogen utilizationPinus taedaPlant-insect interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Forest Ecology
  • Insect-Plant Interactions
  • Climate Change Biology

Background:

  • Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) is a key timber species facing changing atmospheric conditions.
  • Red-headed pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei) is a significant herbivore of loblolly pine.
  • Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) can alter plant physiology and nutritional quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of elevated CO2 on loblolly pine needle quality.
  • To assess the performance of Neodiprion lecontei larvae feeding on needles from trees grown under different CO2 regimes.
  • To understand the implications for forest pest dynamics under future climate scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Loblolly pine seedlings were grown in open-topped chambers under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (150 and 300 μl l−1 above ambient).
  • Needles were subjected to 96-hour feeding trials with second-instar Neodiprion lecontei larvae.
  • Leaf nitrogen, starch content, starch:nitrogen ratio, and key monoterpenes were analyzed.
  • Larval consumption rates, relative growth rates, and nitrogen accumulation were measured.

Main Results:

  • Larval consumption rate significantly increased with elevated CO2, with 21% higher consumption in the highest CO2 regime.
  • Elevated CO2 led to decreased leaf nitrogen and increased leaf starch, raising the starch:nitrogen ratio.
  • Larval growth rates were not significantly different across CO2 treatments.
  • Nitrogen utilization efficiency increased, maintaining nitrogen accumulation rates despite lower nitrogen consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Changes in pine needle quality under elevated CO2, specifically increased starch and decreased nitrogen, drive increased sawfly consumption.
  • Despite altered food quality, Neodiprion lecontei larvae demonstrate compensatory mechanisms (increased nitrogen utilization efficiency) that maintain growth rates.
  • Young sawfly larvae may not be severely impacted by projected changes in needle quality, indicating potential resilience of this forest pest to climate change.