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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Post-stapedectomy granuloma: a devastating complication.

E Watts¹, H R F Powell², S R Saeed²

¹ENT Department,Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham,UK.

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology

|March 21, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Severe post-stapedectomy granuloma can present variably and spread to the brainstem. Persistent ear pain after stapes surgery may indicate this rare but serious complication.

Keywords:

Post-Stapedectomy Granuloma Reparative Granuloma

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neurosurgery
Pathology

Background:

Stapes surgery is a common procedure for hearing loss.
Granuloma formation is a rare but severe complication following stapes surgery.
Understanding its presentation and management is crucial.

Observation:

Three cases of severe post-stapedectomy granuloma were reviewed.
Symptoms included otalgia, facial nerve weakness, and tinnitus.
Imaging revealed granulation tissue with otic capsule erosion, extending to the brainstem in one case.

Findings:

Surgical debulking led to clinical improvement and reduced contrast enhancement on MRI.
Facial nerve function recovered, but tinnitus and otalgia varied.
Complications included facial weakness and meningitis, which resolved.

Implications:

Otalgia following stapes surgery can be a red flag for granuloma.
This complication, though rare, requires consideration in patients with worsening symptoms.
Early recognition and management are key to improving outcomes.