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Insect Immunity Varies Idiosyncratically During Overwintering.

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Insect immune activity varies by species across seasons, impacting overwintering success. Understanding the interplay of cold and pathogens is key to predicting climate change effects on insect survival.

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Area of Science:

  • Insect physiology
  • Immunology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Overwintering insects face seasonal pathogen and parasite pressures.
  • Little is known about how insect immune systems fluctuate seasonally, especially during overwintering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate seasonal changes in immune activity in three temperate overwintering insect species.
  • To assess the impact of temperature on immune responses and thermal performance plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Measured hemocyte numbers, phenoloxidase activity, and antimicrobial activity in larvae of Curculio sp., Eurosta solidaginis, and Pyrrharctia isabella.
  • Assessed survival rates of fungal infections and melanization responses at 12°C and 25°C.

Main Results:

  • Hemocyte counts were stable seasonally in Curculio sp. and E. solidaginis, but antimicrobial activity decreased in autumn.
  • Curculio sp. showed lower fungal survival in autumn, while E. solidaginis had lower survival in winter.
  • P. isabella exhibited reduced hemocyte counts and antimicrobial activity when overwintering under snow cover.

Conclusions:

  • Seasonal immune activity changes are species-specific, making broad climate change predictions difficult.
  • The interaction between multiple stressors (cold, pathogens) appears to drive immune activity shifts.
  • Understanding insect physiology is crucial for predicting overwintering success under environmental change.