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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine
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Pain Management in Horses.

Alonso Guedes1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|March 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Understanding equine pain mechanisms is crucial for developing better pain relief. While progress has been made in pain assessment for horses, more research is needed for clinical tools.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Neurobiology
  • Equine Pain Management

Background:

  • Significant advancements in understanding pain neurobiology have not yet yielded improved equine analgesics.
  • Progress exists in equine pain assessment, but validated clinical tools remain limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and update knowledge on equine pain medicine.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding pain mechanisms and expressions for rational pain management in horses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on pain medicine.
  • Focus on understanding, assessment, prevention, and treatment of pain in equine patients.

Main Results:

  • Neurobiologic understanding of pain has advanced, but clinical translation to analgesics is lacking.
Keywords:
EquineInflammationLamenessMusculoskeletalVisceral

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  • Equine pain assessment has improved, yet sensitive and accurate tools for practice are still under development.

    • Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of pain mechanisms and expressions is essential for effective equine pain management.
    • Further research is required to develop and validate pain assessment tools for clinical use in horses.