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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Targeting Immunotherapy to the Tumor Microenvironment.

Michael Dougan1, Stephanie K Dougan2,3

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
|March 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Targeting therapies to the tumor microenvironment enhances local drug concentrations and reduces systemic toxicity. This review explores in situ vaccination principles and delivery methods for immune-based cancer treatments.

Keywords:
CANCER IMMUNOLOGYDRUG TARGETINGIMMUNOTHERAPYTUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Targeting drug delivery to the tumor microenvironment can increase local drug concentrations and reduce systemic toxicities.
  • The application of drug targeting principles to immune-based therapies remains less understood.
  • Cancer immunology and the principles of in situ vaccination are key to understanding these approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of cancer immunology and in situ vaccination.
  • To discuss the suitability of local versus systemic delivery for various immune-based therapies.
  • To explore emerging strategies for targeting the tumor microenvironment with immunomodulatory agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cancer immunology and drug delivery.
  • Focus on the principles of in situ vaccination.
  • Discussion of local versus systemic delivery strategies for immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Certain therapies, including cytokines, adjuvants, radiation, and agents targeting tumor-resident cells, are well-suited for local delivery.
  • Several promising approaches for targeting the tumor microenvironment are under development.
  • These include nanoparticle-based delivery, peptide or antibody-based delivery systems, and exploitation of cellular influx mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting therapies to the tumor microenvironment is a viable strategy to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects.
  • In situ vaccination principles offer a framework for developing effective local immune-based cancer therapies.
  • Nanoparticles, peptides, antibodies, and cellular influx present promising avenues for delivering immunomodulatory compounds directly to tumors.