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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 5, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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[A neonate with a mass on the upper back].

J C Naafs1, K Sax, M E van der Putten

  • 1Radboudumc, afd. Neonatologie, Nijmegen.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|March 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A rare congenital vascular anomaly, a venolymphatic malformation, was identified in a newborn. This condition may require treatment or watchful waiting depending on symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Medical imaging
  • Pediatric surgery
  • Vascular anomalies

Background:

  • Congenital vascular malformations present a diagnostic challenge in neonates.
  • Early identification is crucial for appropriate management and to prevent complications.

Observation:

  • A full-term newborn presented with a congenital skin-covered mass on the back.
  • The mass exhibited a weak consistency upon physical examination.

Findings:

  • Multicystic venolymphatic malformation diagnosed via ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Imaging excluded spina bifida occulta, confirming the nature of the mass.

Implications:

  • Treatment options include sclerotherapy or surgical excision for symptomatic cases.

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  • Asymptomatic venolymphatic malformations may be managed with a watchful waiting approach.
  • This case highlights the importance of advanced imaging in diagnosing neonatal masses.