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MYC and HIF in shaping immune response and immune metabolism
J N Rashida Gnanaprakasam1, John William Sherman1, Ruoning Wang1
1Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
Upon antigen stimulation, quiescent naive T cells undergo a phase of cell mass accumulation followed by cell cycle entry, clonal expansion, differentiation into functional subsets and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. The transitions between these distinct cellular states place unique metabolic demands on energy, redox and biosynthesis. To fulfill these demands, T cells switch back and forth between their primary catabolic pathways. While quiescent naive and memory T cells largely rely on the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose, active T cells rely on glycolysis and glutaminolysis to sustain cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Beyond several key signaling kinase cascades, the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and the proto-oncogene MYC, act alone or in concert, to coordinate T cell metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, functional differentiation and apoptosis, enabling a robust T cell-mediated adaptive immune response.
Upon antigen stimulation, quiescent naive T cells undergo a phase of cell mass accumulation followed by cell cycle entry, clonal expansion, differentiation into functional subsets and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. The transitions between these distinct cellular states place unique metabolic demands on energy, redox and biosynthesis. To fulfill these demands, T cells switch back and forth between their primary catabolic pathways. While quiescent naive and memory T cells largely rely on the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose, active T cells rely on glycolysis and glutaminolysis to sustain cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Beyond several key signaling kinase cascades, the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and the proto-oncogene MYC, act alone or in concert, to coordinate T cell metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, functional differentiation and apoptosis, enabling a robust T cell-mediated adaptive immune response.