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Related Concept Videos

Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
09:48

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

Published on: November 7, 2016

Few-mode fiber based Raman distributed temperature sensing.

Meng Wang, Hao Wu, Ming Tang

    Optics Express
    |April 7, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new few-mode fiber (FMF) based Raman distributed temperature sensor (RDTS) extends sensing distance and improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The quasi-single mode FMF allows higher pump power and mitigates differential mode group delay for enhanced temperature resolution.

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    10:52

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    Published on: March 8, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Fiber optics
    • Sensing technology
    • Optical physics

    Background:

    • Raman distributed temperature sensing (RDTS) systems typically use standard single-mode fiber (SSMF).
    • Multimode fiber (MMF) based RDTS systems suffer from differential mode group delay (DMGD), limiting performance.
    • Enhancing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and extending sensing distance are key challenges in RDTS.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a few-mode fiber (FMF) based RDTS for extended sensing distance and improved SNR.
    • To investigate the benefits of quasi-single mode (QSM) operation in FMFs for RDTS.
    • To evaluate the performance and measurement uncertainty of FMF-based RDTS compared to SSMF.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of QSM operated FMFs considering geometric and optical parameters.
    • Experimental demonstration using a 2-mode and a 4-mode FMF, compared with SSMF.
    • Utilizing conventional RDTS hardware with a 30-ns, 1550nm pump pulse.

    Main Results:

    • The 2-mode FMF based RDTS demonstrated superior performance in longer distance measurements compared to SSMF and 4-mode FMF.
    • Temperature resolutions of 10°C (SSMF), 7°C (4-mode FMF), and 6°C (2-mode FMF) were achieved at 20km distance.
    • A 4°C improvement in temperature resolution was obtained using the 2-mode FMF over SSMF at the fiber end (3m spatial resolution, 80s measuring time).

    Conclusions:

    • Few-mode fibers, particularly 2-mode FMFs, offer significant advantages for Raman distributed temperature sensing.
    • QSM operation in FMFs enhances SNR and extends sensing range by allowing higher pump power and mitigating DMGD.
    • Fabrication imperfections and splicing losses in multi-mode FMFs can impact performance, making 2-mode FMFs a practical choice for enhanced RDTS.