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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
09:07

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

Bladder cancer.

Oner Sanli1, Jakub Dobruch2, Margaret A Knowles3

  • 1Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moss Building, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|April 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder cancer, a common disease, has key risk factors like carcinogen exposure. Treatment varies by cancer subtype, with ongoing research improving therapies for all stages.

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 31, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Bladder cancer is a prevalent disease with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic impact.
  • Tobacco and carcinogen exposure are primary risk factors.
  • Diagnosis often follows macroscopic hematuria, confirmed by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distinct pathways of bladder cancer development (non-muscle-invasive vs. muscle-invasive).
  • To highlight the molecular characteristics and genetic drivers identified in bladder cancer subtypes.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bladder cancer pathology, molecular characteristics, and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of findings from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project regarding genetic drivers of MIBC.
  • Synthesis of information on standard treatments (e.g., TURBT, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) and novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Bladder cancer progresses via two distinct pathways: non-muscle-invasive papillary and non-papillary muscle-invasive.
  • TCGA has identified specific genetic drivers and subtypes within MIBC, influencing therapeutic responses.
  • Current treatments for NMIBC include TURBT and intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, with ongoing needs for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding bladder cancer subtypes and their molecular profiles is crucial for tailored treatment.
  • Advances in immunotherapy and genetic understanding are transforming treatment for metastatic bladder cancer.
  • Optimizing care for localized MIBC and managing morbidity post-cystectomy remain key clinical goals.