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Related Experiment Videos

North American Snake Envenomation.

Bryan Corbett1, Richard F Clark1

  • 1Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, UC San Diego Health, 200 West Arbor Drive # 8676, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|April 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Native US snakes causing severe envenomation are crotalids (rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, copperheads) and elapids (coral snakes). Treatment focuses on supportive care and antivenom, avoiding outdated methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Herpetology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Clinically significant envenomation in the US originates from two primary snake families: Crotalidae (pit vipers) and Elapidae (coral snakes).
  • Crotalid venom can induce local tissue damage, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy, with fatalities being rare.
  • Elapid envenomation, exclusively from coral snakes in the US, involves neurotoxic venom potentially leading to respiratory paralysis and, rarely, death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the classification and clinical effects of venomous snakebites in the United States.
  • To describe the recommended treatment protocols for Crotalid and Elapid envenomations.
  • To identify and discourage the use of ineffective or harmful historical treatments.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
CopperheadCoral snakeCottonmouthCrotalidElapidRattlesnake

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  • Review of existing literature on North American snake envenomation.
  • Classification of venomous snakes native to the US into Crotalids and Elapids.
  • Summarization of clinical manifestations and current treatment guidelines.

    • Main Results:

    • Crotalid bites (rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, copperheads) cause local tissue damage and hematologic abnormalities.
    • Elapid bites (coral snakes) present with neurotoxicity, including respiratory compromise.
    • Effective management relies on supportive care and specific antivenom when indicated.

    Conclusions:

    • Envenomation by US native snakes requires prompt recognition of Crotalid or Elapid species.
    • Modern treatment emphasizes supportive care and antivenom administration.
    • Outdated interventions like tourniquets and surgical excision are contraindicated.