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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves II01:29

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.
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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
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Controlling propagation and coupling of waveguide modes using phase-gradient metasurfaces.

Zhaoyi Li1, Myoung-Hwan Kim1,2, Cheng Wang3

  • 1Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.

Nature Nanotechnology
|April 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gradient metasurfaces control guided light waves using nanoantennas. This research demonstrates novel waveguide devices like mode converters and polarization rotators for integrated photonics.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Nanotechnology
  • Metasurface Optics
  • Integrated Photonics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional designer optical structures, or metasurfaces, primarily control free-space light wavefronts.
  • Controlling guided waves in photonic integrated circuits remains a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of gradient metasurfaces for controlling guided optical waves.
  • To experimentally demonstrate novel photonic integrated devices based on this principle.

Main Methods:

  • Designing gradient metasurfaces with phased arrays of plasmonic or dielectric nanoantennas.
  • Utilizing strong optical scattering at subwavelength intervals to manipulate guided waves.
  • Fabricating and testing waveguide mode converters, polarization rotators, and devices for asymmetric optical power transmission.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated waveguide mode converters and polarization rotators.
  • Showcased devices with asymmetric optical power transmission.
  • Developed all-dielectric on-chip polarization rotators with negligible insertion loss using Mie resonators.

Conclusions:

  • Gradient metasurfaces offer a powerful method for controlling guided light waves.
  • This approach enables the development of small-footprint, broadband, and low-loss photonic integrated devices.
  • The demonstrated devices represent significant advancements in integrated photonics.