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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
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Application of Dixon's Up-and-Down Design to Estimate the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Rats with Refined Movement Classification
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Sedation levels in dogs: a validation study.

Marika C Wagner1, Kent G Hecker1, Daniel S J Pang2,3,4

  • 1Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

BMC Veterinary Research
|April 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study validated a dog sedation scale, finding it reliable and effective for assessing sedation levels between different protocols. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, rejecting initial hypotheses of unreliability.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaCanineDexmedetomidineReliabilityValidity

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Animal Welfare Science

Background:

  • Assessing the reliability of a dog sedation scale was crucial.
  • Hypotheses predicted poor inter-rater reliability and discrimination between sedation protocols.
  • A prospective trial involved 62 dogs receiving sedation at two veterinary clinics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate validation evidence for a dog sedation scale.
  • To test the scale's reliability among different raters.
  • To determine the scale's ability to differentiate between sedation protocols.

Main Methods:

  • A sedation scale (0-21) was applied to 62 sedated dogs.
  • Internal consistency and construct validity were assessed using single-observer scores.
  • Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using blinded, randomized video recordings by 5 untrained raters for both full and abbreviated scales (0-12).

Main Results:

  • Both full and abbreviated sedation scales showed excellent internal consistency.
  • Very good inter-rater reliability was observed (full scale ICCsingle=0.95; abbreviated scale ICCsingle=0.94).
  • The full scale successfully discriminated between dexmedetomidine-hydromorphone and acepromazine-hydromorphone sedation protocols (p=0.02).

Conclusions:

  • The initial hypotheses were rejected.
  • The full and abbreviated sedation scales demonstrated excellent internal consistency and reliability.
  • The validated sedation scale effectively differentiates between varying levels of canine sedation.