Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

4.5K
Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
4.5K
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

40.7K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
40.7K
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

9.0K
Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
9.0K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.9K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
2.9K
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

4.0K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
4.0K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

10.8K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
10.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Microbiota-specific serum IgG links gut and joints through immune-endothelial crosstalk in arthritis.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same author

Deep phenotyping of skin tissue remodeling in patients with systemic sclerosis treated with CD19-CAR T cells.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

From complexity to clarity: aging bone marrow niche in bone and blood regeneration and malignancy.

Bone research·2026
Same author

Bilirubin regulating the onset of rheumatoid arthritis.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

AnnexinA1-Dectin 1 axis is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis underlying irradiation induced bone loss in male mice.

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research·2026
Same author

<i>Coxiella burnetii</i> infects osteoclasts and alters their differentiation and function in a type IV secretion system-dependent manner.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

When X Does Not Mark the Spot: Autosomal Dominant and Recessive Forms of Renal Hypophosphatemic Rickets and Osteomalacia.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
Same journal

Beyond Fracture Probability: Communicating the Full Consequences of Fracture and Contextualization.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
Same journal

Time-Lapse HR-pQCT: an in Vivo Imaging-Based Assessment of Bone Remodeling Dynamics.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
Same journal

Cone Beam Computed Tomography of Bonejaws in Patients With Primary Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
Same journal

Testosterone and Bone Health in Men.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
Same journal

Stimulant Medications and Bone Health.

Current osteoporosis reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

4.6K

T Regulatory Cells in Bone Remodelling.

Aline Bozec1, Mario M Zaiss2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. aline.bozec@uk-erlangen.de.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
|April 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in bone remodeling and diseases like osteoporosis. These cells suppress osteoclast differentiation through cytokine secretion and cell contact, impacting bone homeostasis.

Keywords:
Bone homeostasisOsteoclastOsteoporosisRegulatory T cells

More Related Videos

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation
09:37

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Published on: March 15, 2018

14.7K
A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

12.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

4.6K
A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation
09:37

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Published on: March 15, 2018

14.7K
A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

12.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bone Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are key mediators of immune homeostasis.
  • Recent research highlights their influence on non-immunological processes, including bone homeostasis.
  • Bone remodeling is a complex process involving the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of Treg cells in bone remodeling.
  • To explore Treg cell involvement in bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and inflammatory bone loss.
  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Treg cells regulate osteoclastogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on Treg cells and bone biology.
  • Mechanisms discussed include cytokine secretion (TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4) and cell-to-cell contact (CTLA-4).
  • Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies is considered.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells suppress osteoclast differentiation and function.
  • Mechanisms involve secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines like TGF-β and IL-10.
  • Cell-to-cell contact via CTLA-4 induces osteoclast apoptosis, dependent on CD80/86 interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Treg cells are critical regulators of bone homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of Treg cell function may contribute to bone diseases like osteoporosis.
  • Targeting Treg cell pathways could offer therapeutic strategies for bone disorders.