Multi-photon microscopy in cardiovascular research

Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy has proven profound value for ex vivo 3D histology and in vivo imaging of motionless tissue. The development of triggering systems and fast imaging methods, combined with advanced preparation procedures solved the challenging task of intravital imaging of the fast pulsating heart and major arteries in animals and further increased the popularity of intravital multiphoton imaging in cardiovascular research. This review article will highlight the potential of multiphoton microscopy for the visualization and characterization of dynamical and structural processes involved in cardiac and vascular diseases, both in an ex vivo and an intravital animal setting. Examples will be given how multiphoton microscopy can be applied to imaging of atherosclerotic plaque development and progression at subcellular level as well as to intravital imaging of inflammatory processes in the heart. In addition to highlighting the potential of multiphoton microscopy in preclinical cardiovascular research, we will discuss how this tool and its applications may be clinically translated to support disease diagnosis and therapy in patients.