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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

8.1K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Extrathyroidal extension-what does it mean.

Ashok R Shaha1

  • 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.

Oral Oncology
|April 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Minimal extrathyroidal extension in differentiated thyroid cancer may not impact prognosis. Current research suggests microscopic extrathyroidal extension might not warrant higher staging, challenging previous systems.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid cancer are established.
  • Extrathyroidal extension and gross tumor presence are key prognostic indicators.
  • Microscopic or minimal extrathyroidal extension is frequently observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the prognostic significance of microscopic or minimal extrathyroidal extension in differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • To address the ongoing debate regarding the clinical implication of minimal extrathyroidal extension.
  • To assess the impact of minimal extrathyroidal extension on risk group stratification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on differentiated thyroid cancer staging and prognosis.
  • Analysis of studies reporting on microscopic extrathyroidal extension.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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  • Comparison of previous staging systems with recent findings.

    • Main Results:

    • Previous staging systems may have overstaged tumors with minimal extrathyroidal extension.
    • Emerging evidence suggests minimal extrathyroidal extension has no significant prognostic implication.
    • The clinical impact of microscopic extrathyroidal extension remains under investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • The prognostic role of microscopic extrathyroidal extension in differentiated thyroid cancer requires further clarification.
    • Re-evaluation of current staging criteria for minimal extrathyroidal extension may be necessary.
    • Future research should focus on definitively establishing the prognostic value of minimal extrathyroidal extension.