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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.3K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.0K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
30.0K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

8.8K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.8K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.5K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces
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Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

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Emerging Affinity-Based Proteomic Technologies for Large-Scale Plasma Profiling in Cardiovascular Disease.

J Gustav Smith1, Robert E Gerszten1

  • 1From Molecular Epidemiology and Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (J.G.S.); Department of Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden (J.G.S.); Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (J.G.S., R.E.G.); and Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.E.G.). gustav.smith@med.lu.se rgerszte@bidmc.harvard.edu.

Circulation
|April 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Emerging affinity proteomics methods enable deep profiling of plasma proteins for novel cardiovascular disease biomarkers. These advanced techniques overcome previous limitations, paving the way for improved diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
biomarkerscardiovascular diseasesepidemiologyplasmaproteomics

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Transition Metals: Electron Configurations and Properties
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Transition Metals: Electron Configurations and Properties

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Proteomics
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Current plasma biomarkers offer limited insight into cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathways.
  • Comprehensive plasma proteome profiling promises unbiased discovery of novel diagnostic and predictive markers.
  • Existing proteomic methods face challenges in plasma due to sample complexity and protein abundance ranges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of emerging affinity proteomics methods.
  • To highlight recent advancements in cardiovascular medicine utilizing these methods.
  • To discuss the potential of deep quantitative proteomic profiling in large cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses limitations of traditional immunoaffinity assays for plasma proteomics (development time, cross-reactivity, sensitivity).
  • Highlights emerging technologies: nucleotide-labeled immunoassays, aptamer reagents, affinity capture-mass spectrometry, and ultrasensitive detection.
  • Mentions integration of proteomics with genomics for validating target specificity and understanding genetic influences.

Main Results:

  • Emerging technologies address limitations of traditional assays, enabling efficient, high-throughput multiplexing of thousands of proteins.
  • Affinity proteomics coupled with mass spectrometry improves specificity and sensitivity for low-abundance proteins.
  • Integration with genomics aids in validating assay targets and understanding genetic associations.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced affinity proteomics methods are making deep quantitative profiling of large cohorts feasible.
  • These advancements hold significant potential for discovering novel cardiovascular biomarkers.
  • The integration of proteomics and genomics offers new avenues for understanding CVD pathophysiology and developing targeted therapies.