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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

2.5K
In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Determination of paramagnetic concentrations inside a diamagnetic matrix using solid-state NMR.

Sébastien Maron1, Nadège Ollier, Thierry Gacoin

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, École polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France. sebastien.maron@polytechnique.edu.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|April 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation accurately quantifies low doping levels in materials. This technique measures nuclear relaxation rates (1/T1) to determine neodymium (Nd3+) concentration and homogeneity in various compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Accurate determination of low doping levels is crucial for material applications.
  • Conventional methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis have limitations in assessing dopant distribution.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation offers a more precise alternative for paramagnetic dopants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the application of NMR relaxation for quantifying neodymium (Nd3+) doping levels in diverse solid matrices.
  • To evaluate the linearity of nuclear relaxation rate (1/T1) with Nd3+ concentration across different materials.
  • To investigate factors influencing NMR relaxation rates in doped compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements to determine the nuclear relaxation rate (1/T1).
  • Investigated various Nd3+-doped materials: YPO4, Y0.8Sc0.2PO4, Ba5(PO4)3Cl, and a phosphate glass.
  • Correlated the measured 1/T1 values with the nominal Nd3+ concentration.

Main Results:

  • Established a linear relationship between 1/T1 and Nd3+ concentration in YPO4, Y0.8Sc0.2PO4, and phosphate glass.
  • Demonstrated the capability of NMR relaxation to accurately determine doping levels down to 0.1 mol%.
  • Observed deviations from linearity in Ba5(PO4)3Cl:Nd, suggesting matrix-specific influences.

Conclusions:

  • NMR relaxation is a powerful and accurate technique for quantifying low doping levels and assessing dopant homogeneity.
  • The linear dependence of 1/T1 on Nd3+ concentration is broadly applicable across different material systems.
  • Further research is needed to understand the impact of parameters like orbital overlap and interatomic distances on relaxation rates.