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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Small non-coding RNA and cancer.

Giulia Romano1, Dario Veneziano1, Mario Acunzo1

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Carcinogenesis
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Small non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), play crucial roles in human diseases like cancer. These RNAs show promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The human genome is highly active, with most of it transcribed into RNA, not protein-coding DNA.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are essential, with small ncRNAs gaining attention for their disease relevance.
  • Small ncRNAs are implicated in cancer development, progression, and drug resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on small non-coding RNAs.
  • To highlight the role of miRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments in cancer.
  • To discuss their potential as cancer biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on small non-coding RNAs.
  • Focus on four major classes: miRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments.
  • Analysis of their roles in cancer and as biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Small non-coding RNAs are fundamentally involved in numerous human diseases, particularly cancer.
  • Specific classes like miRNAs and piRNAs are key regulators in oncogenesis.
  • tRNA-derived fragments represent a newly recognized class with significant implications.

Conclusions:

  • Small non-coding RNAs are critical players in cancer biology.
  • These molecules hold significant potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer.
  • Further research into these RNAs can lead to novel therapeutic strategies.