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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!

Arnold I Caplan1

  • 1Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Stem Cells Translational Medicine
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Summary

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) should be renamed Medicinal Signaling Cells. These cells secrete therapeutic factors that stimulate the patient's own stem cells for tissue repair, rather than differentiating themselves.

Keywords:
MSCsMedicinal signaling cellsMesenchymal stem cellsRegenerative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were named over 25 years ago for their in vitro differentiation capacity.
  • Companies formed in the 1990s to exploit MSCs' regenerative potential.
  • Current clinical trials primarily use MSCs, but few focus on their in vitro multipotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose renaming Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to Medicinal Signaling Cells (MSCs).
  • To accurately reflect the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs in clinical applications.
  • To differentiate the function of exogenously supplied MSCs from resident stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the historical naming and in vitro characterization of MSCs.
  • Analysis of current clinical applications and patient expectations of MSCs.
  • Proposal of a new name based on observed in vivo functions.

Main Results:

  • The in vitro differentiation capacity, once an identification assay, is not the primary mechanism in current MSC therapies.
  • MSCs function by secreting bioactive factors that are immunomodulatory and trophic.
  • These secreted factors stimulate endogenous, resident stem cells to repair tissue.

Conclusions:

  • The name 'Mesenchymal stem cells' is misleading, implying direct tissue regeneration by the administered cells.
  • Renaming MSCs to 'Medicinal Signaling Cells' better describes their therapeutic role.
  • The patient's resident stem cells, activated by MSC-secreted factors, are responsible for tissue regeneration.