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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Published on: September 2, 2020
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A perspective on processes of modulation.
1Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) relies on modulators to transfer column effluent. Future modulator developments could significantly expand the use of GC×GC technologies.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Chromatography
Background:
- The first comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) experiment was reported 25 years ago.
- The GC×GC technique requires a modulator for transferring effluent between columns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore future scenarios for modulation techniques in comprehensive GC.
- To discuss how advancements in modulation may increase GC×GC adoption.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing modulation systems.
- Discussion of potential future developments in modulation technology.
Main Results:
- Modulation is crucial for GC×GC operation, enabling sequential column re-injection.
- Cryogenic modulators are currently the most effective and popular.
Conclusions:
- Novel modulation strategies are key to unlocking broader applications of GC×GC.
- Future innovations in modulation promise to enhance the utility of comprehensive GC.
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