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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
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Adiponectin, lipids and atherosclerosis.

Niki Katsiki1, Christos Mantzoros, Dimitri P Mikhailidis

  • 1aSecond Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece bDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA cDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK.

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Adiponectin, an adipokine, shows promise as a biomarker for cardiometabolic diseases. While linked to various conditions, research on its clinical use in diagnosis and treatment requires further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Syndrome Research
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Adiponectin is an adipokine with diverse beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing effects.
  • Factors influencing adiponectin levels include genetics, obesity, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Adiponectin is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the associations between adiponectin and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
  • To explore the links between adiponectin and lipid disorders, coronary heart disease, and noncardiac vascular diseases.
  • To briefly review the impact of lifestyle interventions and drug therapy on adiponectin levels.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Focus on associations with metabolic and vascular diseases.
  • Inclusion of effects of interventions on adiponectin.

Main Results:

  • Adiponectin is associated with metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperuricemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Links between adiponectin and lipid disorders, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease were examined.
  • The review also considered the influence of lifestyle and drug therapies on adiponectin levels.

Conclusions:

  • Adiponectin is a multifaceted biomarker potentially beneficial for atherosclerosis, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
  • Conflicting results exist regarding adiponectin's association with cardiometabolic disease prevalence and outcomes.
  • Further research is necessary to clarify the clinical implications of adiponectin in diagnosing and treating cardiometabolic diseases.