Navigating complex femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal anatomy in endovascular interventions

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a clinical manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Vascular physicians come across PAD of different complexity and among them complex total occlusions present a formidable challenge to endovascular operators. Newer tools and techniques, particularly in the retrograde approach, have made endovascular therapy applicable to increasingly complex disease. In this article, we review various interventional devices and techniques that are key to achieving success in complex anatomic subsets.