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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Impact of Gravity on Thyroid Cells.

Elisabetta Albi1, Marcus Krüger2, Ruth Hemmersbach3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy. elisabetta.albi@unipg.it.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Spaceflight microgravity alters thyroid gland function, impacting cellular mechanisms and potentially increasing thyroid cancer risk. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing countermeasures for astronauts and Earth-based applications.

Keywords:
hypergravitymicrogravityspace environmentthyroid cancerthyroid gland

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Area of Science:

  • Space biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • The thyroid gland is vital for physical and mental health, regulating numerous bodily systems.
  • Microgravity during space missions causes significant morphological and functional changes in the thyroid gland.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experiments on thyroid cells and mice under simulated and real microgravity/hypergravity.
  • To identify known and novel mechanisms of thyroid gland injury in altered gravity environments.
  • To explore differential sensitivity between normal and cancer thyroid cells to environmental changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies involving cell cultures (normal and cancer thyroid cells) exposed to simulated and real microgravity.
  • Analysis of experiments with wild-type and transgenic mice under hypergravity and spaceflight conditions.
  • Examination of molecular and cellular changes in thyroid tissues.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity induces changes in gene expression for extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton proteins.
  • Thyrocyte phenotype, thyrotropin sensitivity, and calcitonin production are affected.
  • Alterations in sphingomyelin metabolism and cancer molecule expression/movement in thyrocytes were observed.
  • Differential sensitivity between normal and cancer thyroid cells to altered gravity was investigated.

Conclusions:

  • New mechanisms of thyroid injury under microgravity conditions have been identified.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing countermeasures against thyroid cancer, both in space and on Earth.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the differential responses of normal and cancerous thyroid cells.