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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Neural Circuits01:25

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Circuits and Mechanisms for Surround Modulation in Visual Cortex.

Alessandra Angelucci1, Maryam Bijanzadeh1, Lauri Nurminen1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; email: alessandra.angelucci@hsc.utah.edu , ma.bijanzadeh@gmail.com , larsnurminen@gmail.com , sammerlin7@gmail.com , freddieneuron@gmail.com.

Annual Review of Neuroscience
|May 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surround modulation (SM) in sensory neurons arises from complex interactions, including feedforward, horizontal, and feedback circuits. Balanced excitation and inhibition within these circuits are crucial for optimal sensory information processing.

Keywords:
extrastriate cortexfeedbackhorizontal connectionprimary visual cortexrecurrent circuitsstriate cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Surround modulation (SM) is a key neural property influencing sensory information coding and perception.
  • The precise circuit mechanisms and synaptic basis of SM remain under active investigation.
  • Debate exists on whether SM is generated by feedforward or intracortical circuits, and through increased inhibition or reduced excitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a working hypothesis for the circuit mechanisms underlying surround modulation.
  • To integrate theoretical and experimental evidence regarding the generation of SM.
  • To elucidate the role of local recurrent connections in sensory cortex computations.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of theoretical and experimental evidence.
  • Development of a working hypothesis integrating multiple circuit interactions.
  • Analysis of synaptic mechanisms involving excitation and inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Hypothesized that SM results from feedforward, horizontal, and feedback interactions.
  • Proposed that SM involves both increased inhibition and reduced recurrent excitation.
  • Highlighted the critical role of strong and balanced recurrent excitatory and inhibitory circuits.

Conclusions:

  • Surround modulation is likely generated by a combination of feedforward, horizontal, and feedback circuits with local recurrent connections.
  • Synaptic mechanisms involving both increased inhibition and reduced excitation contribute to SM.
  • Balanced recurrent excitatory and inhibitory circuits are fundamental for SM computation and optimal sensory coding.