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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications
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Advances in engineering hydrogels.

Yu Shrike Zhang1,2,3, Ali Khademhosseini4,2,3,5,6

  • 1Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 6, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers advances in engineering hydrogels, focusing on improving their mechanical strength and functionality. Strategies include innovative chemistries, dynamic modulation, and sophisticated architectures for diverse applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic polymer chains in a water-rich environment, are widely used in biomedicine, soft electronics, sensors, and actuators.
  • Conventional hydrogels suffer from limited mechanical strength and susceptibility to permanent breakage.
  • Existing hydrogels often lack dynamic cues and structural complexity, restricting their functional capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the design and engineering of hydrogels.
  • To highlight strategies for precise manipulation of hydrogel properties across multiple scales.
  • To address limitations of conventional hydrogels, focusing on mechanical strength and dynamic functionality.

Main Methods:

  • Review of innovative chemistries and compositions for hydrogel development.
  • Integration of dynamic modulation techniques in hydrogel design.
  • Exploration of sophisticated architectures for enhanced hydrogel performance.

Main Results:

  • Engineered hydrogels exhibit improved physicochemical properties compared to conventional ones.
  • New designs enhance mechanical strength, reduce susceptibility to breakage, and introduce dynamic responsiveness.
  • Advanced architectures contribute to increased structural complexity and tailored functionalities.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in engineering hydrogels with superior properties.
  • Strategies involving chemistry, dynamic modulation, and architecture are key to overcoming limitations.
  • These engineered hydrogels offer expanded potential for advanced applications in various fields.