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Related Concept Videos

X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

30.6K
Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
8.6K
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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The X chromosome in space.

Teddy Jégu1,2, Eric Aeby1,2, Jeannie T Lee1,2

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The 3D organization of the X chromosome within the nucleus impacts gene expression. Its structure and location change with X-chromosome inactivation, reflecting its activity state.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Genomes require extensive 3D folding for nuclear packaging, which must support gene expression.
  • Chromosomes reside in specific territories within the nucleus, facilitating regulatory element interactions.
  • The mammalian X chromosome serves as a model for understanding structure-function relationships in gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of long non-coding RNAs, chromosomal organization, and subnuclear localization in X-linked gene expression.
  • To highlight how X-chromosome inactivation alters chromosomal architecture and subnuclear positioning.
  • To connect these structural changes to the regulation of X-linked genes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on X chromosome structure and function.

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Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells
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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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  • Analysis of the relationship between chromosomal architecture and gene activity.
  • Investigation of the role of subnuclear localization in gene regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Active and inactive X chromosomes exhibit distinct 3D organizational structures.
    • Subnuclear localization differs between active and inactive X chromosomes.
    • Chromosomal architecture and localization correlate with X-linked gene expression states.

    Conclusions:

    • Long non-coding RNAs, chromosomal organization, and subnuclear positioning are critical for X-linked gene expression.
    • X-chromosome inactivation involves significant changes in 3D genome structure.
    • The spatial organization of the X chromosome is a key determinant of its transcriptional state.