Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

739
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
739
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.8K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.8K
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

595
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
595
Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance

6.3K
Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
Sleep is a fundamental physiological drive that fosters a state of restfulness crucial for several bodily functions. It facilitates body restoration, the process by which the body repairs, rejuvenates, and maintains itself during sleep, including memory...
6.3K
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

19.0K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
19.0K
Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation01:27

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

1.4K
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory, introduced in the 1940s and 1950s and often termed the "push theory" of motivation, provides a framework for understanding how biological and learned drives influence behavior. Hull suggested that motivation originates from the need to alleviate physiological tension caused by unmet biological necessities. The theory proposes that when a basic need, such as hunger or sleep, goes unfulfilled, it creates an internal imbalance. This imbalance, or...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reversible suppression of autophagy in a mouse model reveals neuronal resilience.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Vagal afferents gate cortical excitability in a kainate-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Brain stimulation·2026
Same author

Descending locus coeruleus noradrenergic signaling to spinal astrocyte subset is required for stress-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity.

eLife·2026
Same author

Mutant glial fibrillary acidic protein reduces the capacity for glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes.

Neuroscience letters·2026
Same author

Systemic nicotinamide mononucleotide administration to mitigate post-cardiac arrest brain injury in mice.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Validation of phiC31-mediated expression and functional knockout of Opn3 in the Opn3-phiC31o knock-in mouse.

Eye and vision (London, England)·2025
Same journal

Genetic overlap between treatment-resistant schizophrenia and smoking initiation.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

External Validation as the Critical Step for Predictive Biomarkers.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Viloxazine occupies the 5-HT2C receptor in the macaca fascicularis brain in vivo: A [11C]CIMBI-36 positron emission tomography study.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Divergent effects of interleukin-6 and ghrelin on remission and relapse in depression treatment.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Secondary Restless Legs Syndrome during psychopharmacological treatment: real-world evidence from a multinational pharmacovigilance program.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Recent cannabis exposure and acute nicotine effects: insights from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intravenous nicotine studies.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.6K

A New Paradigm for Evaluating Avoidance/Escape Motivation.

Iku Tsutsui-Kimura1, Youcef Bouchekioua1, Masaru Mimura1

  • 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new task to measure avoidance motivation in mice. Ketamine enhanced avoidance behavior, while buspirone reduced it, validating the new method for studying survival-critical motivations.

Keywords:
avoidanceescapeinstrumentalketaminemotivation

More Related Videos

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.3K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.6K
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.3K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Organisms possess distinct approach and avoidance/escape motivations crucial for survival.
  • Existing research predominantly focuses on approach motivation, neglecting avoidance/escape mechanisms.
  • Understanding avoidance motivation is vital for a comprehensive view of behavioral neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel experimental paradigm for quantifying avoidance/escape motivation.
  • To investigate the pharmacological effects of ketamine and buspirone on avoidance behavior.
  • To establish a reliable method for studying the neurobiology of aversion.

Main Methods:

  • An avoidance variable ratio 5 task was designed where mice pressed a lever to prevent or escape foot shocks.
  • Mice received intraperitoneal injections of ketamine (0, 1, 5 mg/kg) or buspirone (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) prior to the task.
  • Behavioral responses were quantified to assess avoidance/escape probabilities under different drug treatments.

Main Results:

  • The avoidance variable ratio 5 task performance demonstrated sensitivity to the intensity of the aversive stimulus.
  • Ketamine administration significantly increased the probability of avoidance behavior.
  • Buspirone administration significantly decreased the probability of avoidance behavior, consistent with prior findings.

Conclusions:

  • The developed experimental paradigm effectively quantifies avoidance/escape motivation.
  • This new tool will advance the understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of motivation.
  • The findings contribute to a more holistic comprehension of survival-driven behaviors.