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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Decay01:16

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Update on Memory Reconsolidation Updating.

Jonathan L C Lee1, Karim Nader2, Daniela Schiller3

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|May 13, 2017
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Summary

Memory reactivation makes memories temporarily unstable. This memory reconsolidation window allows for memory modification, either weakening or strengthening, offering potential for updating maladaptive memories.

Keywords:
addictioncounterconditioningextinctionmemoryreconsolidationretrieval

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Memory reactivation renders stored memories labile and susceptible to modification.
  • This labile state, during memory reconsolidation, allows for memory weakening or strengthening.
  • Retrieval-induced plasticity is a key mechanism for updating existing memories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in memory reconsolidation updating studies.
  • To highlight the translational applications of reconsolidation updating.
  • To address current challenges within the memory reconsolidation field.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental testing of memory updating hypotheses.
  • Translational research approaches to modify maladaptive memories.
  • Review of existing studies on memory reconsolidation and updating.

Main Results:

  • Memory reconsolidation allows for modulation of memory strength via amnesic agents or enhancers.
  • Changes in memory expression correlate with alterations in long-term memory brain representations.
  • Successful experimental attempts to update maladaptive memories have been demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Memory reconsolidation provides a critical window for updating memories, including maladaptive ones.
  • Translational exploitation of reconsolidation updating shows promise for therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and advance the field of memory reconsolidation.