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Related Concept Videos

Errors in Taping01:18

Errors in Taping

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Errors in taping arise from multiple factors that can significantly impact measurement accuracy in surveying. Misalignment of the tape, often due to human error, is one primary source. A skilled rear tapeman, using a telescope, can help correct alignment by guiding the head tapeman; however, human limitations still lead to small inaccuracies. These errors may include misplacement of pins or inaccurate tape readings due to common visual confusions, such as mistaking a six for a nine. Such...
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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Goldmann tonometer error correcting prism: clinical evaluation.

Sean McCafferty1,2,3, Garrett Lim2, William Duncan2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, College of Optical Science, University of Arizona.

Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
|May 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A new Goldmann tonometer prism, the correcting applanation tonometry surface (CATS), significantly reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement errors caused by patient biomechanics. This innovation improves diagnostic accuracy for glaucoma and other eye conditions.

Keywords:
CATS tonometerCCTGoldmannIOPappalnation tonometercentral corneal thicknesscorneal biomechanicsglaucomaintraocular pressuretonometer errortonometry

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Optics

Background:

  • Goldmann applanation tonometry is the gold standard for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement.
  • Patient-specific biomechanical factors like corneal thickness, stiffness, and curvature introduce significant errors in IOP readings.
  • Existing tonometry methods lack sufficient correction for these biomechanical variabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clinically evaluate a modified Goldmann tonometer prism designed to minimize IOP measurement errors.
  • To assess the efficacy of the correcting applanation tonometry surface (CATS) prism in reducing errors from patient biomechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical optimization of a modified Goldmann prism (CATS) to correct for corneal thickness, stiffness, curvature, and tear film adhesion.
  • Comparative clinical study involving 109 eyes, measuring IOP with both CATS and standard Goldmann prisms.
  • Correlation analysis of IOP measurement differences with corneal biomechanical parameters.

Main Results:

  • The CATS prism reduced central corneal thickness (CCT) related IOP errors to <±2 mmHg in 97% of cases, compared to 54% with the standard Goldmann prism.
  • Approximately 50% reduction in measurement errors attributed to corneal rigidity and curvature was observed with CATS.
  • No significant IOP bias was introduced by the CATS prism.

Conclusions:

  • The CATS prism demonstrates improved accuracy and reduced sensitivity to Goldmann errors, validating mathematical predictions.
  • The CATS prism offers a more reliable IOP measurement by accounting for patient biomechanical variability.
  • CATS can replace the Goldmann prism without altering standard tonometry technique or interpretation.