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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Open Modified Gallie Procedure for Chronic Anterior Shoulder Instability.

Hassan Choudhry¹, Trent Davis, Sean Porter

¹From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Mercy Health St. Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH (Dr. Choudhry, Dr. Porter, Dr. Ortega, Dr. Eaddy, Dr. Druessel, and Dr. Levine); and the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH (Davis).

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews

|July 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a successful open surgical repair for shoulder instability caused by capsular insufficiency. The procedure effectively resolved dislocations and pain, restoring satisfactory shoulder function.

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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Reconstruction

Background:

Recurrent shoulder dislocations can stem from capsular insufficiency, often linked to humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL).
Adhesive capsulitis can precede or coexist with instability, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of open modified Gallie anatomic reconstruction for capsular insufficiency with HAGL lesions.
To evaluate the efficacy of tibialis anterior allograft and inferior capsular shift in treating recurrent anterior shoulder instability.

Main Methods:

A 65-year-old female with a history of adhesive capsulitis and recurrent dislocations underwent open anterior capsular reconstruction.
The procedure involved a tibialis anterior allograft for glenoid-humeral fixation and an inferior capsular shift for the torn inferior glenohumeral ligament.

Main Results:

The patient experienced immediate resolution of shoulder instability and pain post-surgery.
Satisfactory functional outcomes were noted at 12 months, with only minor limitations in overhead and internal rotation activities.

Conclusions:

Open anterior capsular reconstruction combined with inferior capsular shift is a viable and effective treatment for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations due to capsular insufficiency and HAGL lesions.
This surgical approach offers significant pain relief and restoration of shoulder stability.