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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

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One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
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Sublimation-assisted graphene transfer technique based on small polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

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A new naphthalene-assisted method enables residue-free transfer of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene onto various substrates. This technique is ideal for sensitive applications requiring ultraclean graphene and mild transfer conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is advancing graphene applications in electronics and energy.
  • Current polymer-assisted transfer methods use harsh solvents or heat, limiting use on plastic substrates.
  • A need exists for ultraclean, mild graphene transfer techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a novel naphthalene-assisted graphene transfer method.
  • To achieve residue-free graphene transfer under mild conditions.
  • To assess the quality and performance of transferred graphene for device applications.

Main Methods:

  • Graphene grown by CVD was transferred using a naphthalene-assisted technique.
  • Characterization involved atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
  • Field-effect transistors were fabricated using naphthalene-transferred graphene.

Main Results:

  • The naphthalene-assisted method enabled reliable, residue-free transfer of graphene to hard and flexible substrates.
  • Characterization confirmed the high quality of the transferred graphene.
  • Fabricated field-effect transistors demonstrated the viability of this transfer method.

Conclusions:

  • Naphthalene-assisted transfer offers a mild and effective route for high-quality graphene transfer.
  • This technique expands the applicability of CVD graphene to sensitive substrates and devices.
  • The method is promising for applications demanding ultraclean graphene and gentle processing.