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Related Concept Videos

Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Stress Concentrations01:13

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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

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To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
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Dehydration-driven stress transfer triggers intermediate-depth earthquakes.

Thomas P Ferrand1, Nadège Hilairet2, Sarah Incel1

  • 1Laboratoire de Géologie, CNRS UMR 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.

Nature Communications
|May 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intermediate-depth earthquakes are mysterious. Experiments show that dehydration of serpentinized peridotites can trigger these seismic events by causing stress transfer, not fluid overpressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Mineral Physics
  • Tectonics

Background:

  • Intermediate-depth earthquakes (30-300 km) occur in subducting oceanic slabs.
  • The precise mechanisms driving these earthquakes remain poorly understood.
  • Serpentinized peridotites are key lithologies in subduction zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the mechanics of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
  • To determine the role of dehydration in triggering seismic events in subduction zones.
  • To propose a new model for earthquake generation in these environments.

Main Methods:

  • Deformation experiments on synthetic antigorite-olivine aggregates at upper mantle pressures (1.1 and 3.5 GPa).
  • Monitoring acoustic emissions as a proxy for earthquake activity.
  • Post-mortem microstructural analysis of experimentally produced faults.

Main Results:

  • Acoustic emissions, analogous to earthquakes, were triggered by dehydration of samples with as little as 5 vol% antigorite at 1.1 GPa.
  • Higher antigorite content (up to 50 vol%) was required to trigger emissions at 3.5 GPa.
  • Faults were sealed by fluid-bearing micro-pseudotachylytes, indicating dynamic shear failure.
  • Antigorite dehydration induced embrittlement of the olivine network.

Conclusions:

  • Minimal dehydration is sufficient to induce embrittlement and trigger intermediate-depth earthquakes.
  • A novel model is proposed where dehydration-driven stress transfer, rather than fluid overpressure, causes embrittlement.
  • These findings offer a new perspective on the mechanics of earthquakes in subducting slabs.