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Crater formation during raindrop impact on sand.

Rianne de Jong¹, Song-Chuan Zhao¹, Devaraj van der Meer¹

¹Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, and J.M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Physical Review. E

|May 17, 2017

Summary

Raindrop impacts create craters in granular beds. Avalanches of grains influence the final crater shape, and impact energy dictates crater dimensions across different packing densities.

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Fluid Dynamics
Materials Science

Background:

Raindrop impacts on granular surfaces form craters through deformation.
Crater formation involves transient and steady phases, with broadening after initial depth is reached.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of grain avalanches in final crater shape.
To analyze the relationship between impact energy, packing density, and crater dimensions.

Main Methods:

Experimentally varying raindrop impact velocity and granular bed packing density.
Analyzing crater dimensions (depth, diameter, aspect ratio) during transient and final phases.

Main Results:

Grain avalanches significantly influence the final crater shape.
Both transient and final crater diameters scale with impact energy into sand deformation.
Transient crater aspect ratio is affected by granular packing fraction.

Conclusions:

Impact energy is a key parameter for crater size prediction.
Granular avalanches are crucial for understanding the evolution and final morphology of impact craters.