Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts
Published on: November 7, 2019
Electrophysiological Testing for the Investigation of Bradycardias
Demosthenes G Katritsis1, Mark E Josephson2
1Athens Euroclinic, Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
In this article we review the role of electrophysiological testing in patients presenting with bradycardia due to sinus node or atrioventricular node disease. In sinus bradycardia the role of electrophysiology studies is not established. In AV conduction disturbances, an electrophysiology study may be necessary both for the establishment of atrioventricular block as the main cause of symptoms, and for identification of the anatomic site of block that may dictate the potential need of permanent pacing.
Related Concept Videos
Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias
Electrocardiogram
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
Decreased pulse rate
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
Cardiac Action Potential
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

