[Arboviruses also have an American dream]

Area of Science:

• Medical Entomology
• Virology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Arboviruses originating in the Old World have been introduced to the Americas through human activities.
• Notable introductions include yellow fever virus, dengue viruses, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus.
• Transoceanic trading and globalization facilitate the introduction and spread of these viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the mechanisms of arbovirus establishment in new ecosystems.
• To understand the conditions favoring virus circulation, including adaptation to local and introduced vectors.
• To highlight the role of human activity in arbovirus emergence and spread.

Main Methods:

• Historical analysis of arbovirus introductions and spread in the Americas.
• Examination of vector adaptation (e.g., Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex species) and anthropophily.
• Assessment of virus adaptation to new hosts and environments.

Main Results:

• Arboviruses have successfully established in the Americas, adapting to various vectors, including introduced mosquito species.
• Vectors like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus exhibit strong anthropophily and urban adaptation, enabling rural and urban dissemination.
• West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus exemplify recent introductions and rapid continental spread.

Conclusions:

• Human actions are primarily responsible for the introduction of arboviruses into new continents.
• The adaptation of vectors to local and introduced species, coupled with urban suitability, drives arbovirus circulation.
• Future arboviral emergences are anticipated, necessitating proactive strategies including mutation detection, enhanced surveillance, and preparedness for international health crises.