Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

68.6K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
68.6K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

2.1K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
2.1K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.8K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.8K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.9K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.9K
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

60.0K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
60.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.6K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association between salivary microbiota-related amino acid metabolic dysregulation and tacrolimus-induced gingival overgrowth following kidney transplantation.

BMC oral health·2026
Same author

Visible Light-Induced Intermolecular Dearomatization for Constructing Angularly Fused Tetracyclic Scaffolds.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

FEDERATED LEARNING OF ROBUST INDIVIDUALIZED DECISION RULES WITH APPLICATION TO HETEROGENEOUS MULTIHOSPITAL SEPSIS POPULATION.

The annals of applied statistics·2026
Same author

White adipose atrophy exacerbates cold stress and accelerates aging in male mice.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Correction: IFN-treated macrophage-derived exosomes prevent HBV-HCC migration and invasion via regulating miR-106b-3p/PCGF3/PI3K/AKT signaling axis.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026
Same author

Immunotherapy targeting drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters accelerates tuberculosis cure in preclinical models.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

11.8K

Entanglement concentration for arbitrary four-particle linear cluster states.

Ting-Ting Song1,2, Xiaoqing Tan3, Tianyin Wang4

  • 1Department of Computer Science, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. tingtingsong@jnu.edu.cn.

Scientific Reports
|May 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed two quantum communication protocols to concentrate entanglement in fragile four-particle cluster states, enhancing their robustness against environmental interference and imperfect setups for reliable quantum information transfer.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

9.0K
Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

11.8K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

9.0K
Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Communication
  • Quantum Computation

Background:

  • Cluster states are crucial for measurement-based quantum computation, possessing high entanglement.
  • Entanglement is fragile and susceptible to decoherence during transmission due to environmental interactions.
  • Imperfections in communication setups further degrade quantum states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose two novel entanglement concentration protocols for four-particle linear cluster states.
  • To enhance the resilience of cluster states against decoherence and imperfect communication.
  • To improve the fidelity and success probability of transmitting entangled quantum states.

Main Methods:

  • Protocol 1: Utilizes Positive Operator-Valued Measure (POVM) operators to maximize success probability.
  • Protocol 2: Employs cross-Kerr nonlinearity to verify parity between the primary and ancillary particles.
  • Both protocols are designed for four-particle linear cluster states.

Main Results:

  • Protocol 1 offers experimental simplicity using linear optics.
  • Protocol 2 achieves over 90% success probability through iterative application.
  • Both protocols demonstrate efficiency and value for quantum communication applications.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed protocols effectively concentrate entanglement in linear cluster states.
  • These methods address the fragility of entanglement in realistic quantum communication scenarios.
  • The protocols are valuable for advancing quantum communication and computation.