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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

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Chronic eccentric arm cycling improves maximum upper-body strength and power.

Steven J Elmer1, Dakota J Anderson2,3, Travis R Wakeham4

  • 1Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA. sjelmer@mtu.edu.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|May 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Eccentric arm cycling (ECCarm) effectively enhances upper-body muscular function and power with minimal soreness. This exercise model shows promise for rehabilitation and athletic training, similar to eccentric leg cycling.

Keywords:
Arterial stiffnessCycle ergometryExercise trainingLengthening contractionsNeuromuscular function

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Eccentric leg cycling is a proven method for improving lower-body muscular function and health.
  • Eccentric exercise involves muscle lengthening contractions, offering unique training benefits.
  • The effectiveness of eccentric exercise for the upper body remained largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a 7-week eccentric arm cycling (ECCarm) intervention on upper-body muscular function.
  • To determine if ECCarm training alters arterial function (central and peripheral stiffness).

Main Methods:

  • Nine participants underwent ECCarm training, while eight performed concentric arm cycling (CONarm).
  • Training occurred 3 times per week for 7 weeks, with increasing duration and intensity (60-70% peak heart rate).
  • Assessed outcomes included maximum elbow extensor strength, upper-body concentric power, and arterial stiffness.

Main Results:

  • ECCarm training led to significantly greater improvements in elbow extensor strength (16%) and upper-body power (6%) compared to CONarm.
  • Despite higher power output during training, ECCarm resulted in minimal muscle soreness, comparable to CONarm.
  • No significant changes in peripheral or central arterial stiffness were observed in either group.

Conclusions:

  • Upper-body eccentric exercise, specifically ECCarm, effectively enhances dynamic muscular function at low perceived exertion.
  • ECCarm training improves muscular function without negatively impacting arterial stiffness.
  • Eccentric arm cycling presents a viable and effective training modality for upper-body enhancement in clinical and athletic settings.