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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery
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MO-D-213CD-01: Cartesian Methods for Rapid Time-Resolved MR Angiography.

S Riederer1

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Medical Physics
|May 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Recent physics techniques have revolutionized Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) by enabling a 20x speed increase in data acquisition. These advancements, particularly parallel acquisition and Cartesian sampling, significantly improve MRA image quality and allow for real-time image generation.

Keywords:
AngiographyComputer hardwareData acquisitionImage formationMedical image qualityMedical image reconstructionMedical imagingSpatial discriminationSpatial resolutionTime series analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging Physics
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Angiography

Background:

  • The fundamental trade-off in MR imaging is between spatial and temporal resolution.
  • Historically, methods like short repetition times and view sharing addressed this trade-off.
  • Parallel acquisition techniques (SENSE, SMASH, GRAPPA) emerged over a decade ago to reduce acquisition time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review physics techniques that have achieved a 20x speed improvement in MR angiography (MRA) data acquisition.
  • To explain how Cartesian k-space sampling facilitates these techniques.
  • To demonstrate the significant MRA image quality improvements over the last decade.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of parallel acquisition methods (image and k-space based) into contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA).
  • Utilizing 2D parallel acquisition, which is more robust than 1D implementations.
  • Employing Cartesian k-space sampling with centric view ordering for time-resolved imaging.

Main Results:

  • CE-MRA applications have seen radical performance improvements due to parallel acquisition integration.
  • Parallel acquisition's SNR loss is mitigated in CE-MRA by high arterial-phase signal.
  • Optimized Cartesian sampling and advanced receiver coil arrays allow up to 20x reduction in sampled k-space points.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary physics techniques have significantly enhanced MRA image quality over the past decade.
  • Real-time 3D image generation (within hundreds of milliseconds) is now possible.
  • These advancements enable interactive guidance of medical processes through real-time imaging.