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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

[Vaccination before and during pregnancy].

E Varlet¹, M Bernier¹, P Thibaut¹

¹Médecine Générale, Avenue Reine Astrid 282, Seneffe, Belgium.

Revue Medicale De Bruxelles

|May 20, 2017

Summary

Pregnant women can safely receive influenza and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines. Other vaccinations require careful consideration based on exposure risk and expert consultation.

Keywords:

CDC Childbearing age Diphtheria and pertussis vaccination Inactivated vaccine Influenza vaccine Live vaccine Live vaccines benefit-risk Post exposure vaccination Pregnancy Tetanus Vaccination

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Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice

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Published on: October 10, 2025

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial for protecting both maternal and fetal health from infectious diseases.
Not all vaccines are safe for administration during pregnancy due to potential risks associated with live viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the safety and recommendations for various vaccines during pregnancy.
To identify vaccines suitable for routine administration versus those indicated only under specific exposure circumstances.

Main Methods:

Literature review of vaccine safety data and guidelines for pregnant populations.
Categorization of vaccines based on administration timing (during pregnancy, post-exposure, or at distance from pregnancy).

Main Results:

Influenza and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines are recommended for all pregnant women.
Hepatitis A/B, meningitis, pneumococcal, rabies, and anthrax vaccines may be considered post-exposure.
Insufficient data exists for typhoid fever, Japanese encephalitis, and cholera vaccines during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

Only influenza and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines have demonstrated a safe profile for routine use in pregnancy.
Vaccines for chickenpox, rubella, measles, mumps, HPV, BCG, yellow fever, and smallpox are recommended before pregnancy for unvaccinated individuals.
Consultation with an infectious disease specialist is advised for other vaccine considerations during pregnancy, especially in cases of exposure risk.