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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
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Diving and long-term cardiovascular health.

K Åsmul1, Å Irgens2, M Grønning2,3

  • 1Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)
|May 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Occupational diving may increase the risk of long-term cardiovascular issues, including high blood pressure and heart conditions like myocardial infarction/angina. Further research is needed to determine if these effects are due to diving itself or associated physical activity.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular disease; dive-free daydiving; long-term effectsthe HUNT3 Surveythe Norwegian Diver 2011 project

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Occupational Medicine
  • Diving Physiology

Background:

  • Short-term cardiovascular effects of pressure exposure are documented.
  • Long-term cardiovascular impacts of human diving remain understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential long-term cardiovascular health consequences in former occupational divers.

Main Methods:

  • Compared cardiovascular disease prevalence in male former divers (Norwegian Diver 2011 project) with a matched general male population (HUNT3 Survey).
  • Analyzed data from divers with diving certificates post-1980.
  • Stratified analysis based on diving exposure levels (frequency and total dives).

Main Results:

  • Former divers showed a higher prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure (28% vs. 18%) when regulations on dive-free days were omitted.
  • Prevalence of myocardial infarction/angina pectoris was significantly higher in divers with >150 professional dives/year (11% vs. 4%) and >2000 total air dives (16% vs. 3%).

Conclusions:

  • Male former divers may experience a higher incidence of certain cardiovascular symptoms and diseases compared to the general population.
  • Findings suggest potential adverse long-term cardiovascular effects associated with diving.
  • Further studies are required to differentiate effects of diving per se from strenuous physical activity.