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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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The thermal neutron facility HOTNES: theoretical design.

R Bedogni1, A Pietropaolo2, J M Gomez-Ros3

  • 1INFN - LNF, via E. Fermi n. 40, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|May 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The HOmogeneous Thermal NEutron Source (HOTNES) provides a highly uniform thermal neutron field for irradiating samples. Its design ensures consistent neutron fluence and energy distribution, ideal for various applications.

Keywords:
HOTNESNeutron dosimetryNeutron moderationThermal neutron facilityThermal neutrons

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Radiation Physics

Background:

  • Existing neutron sources often lack uniformity or sufficient irradiation area.
  • Need for a reliable thermal neutron source for scientific research and material testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the design of the HOmogeneous Thermal NEutron Source (HOTNES).
  • To characterize the neutron field within the HOTNES irradiation volume.

Main Methods:

  • Design and simulation using MCNPX code.
  • Characterization of neutron field (spatial, energy, angular distributions).

Main Results:

  • Achieved 1-2% thermal fluence uniformity over a 30cm diameter irradiation area.
  • Thermal neutron fraction of approximately 90% with roughly isotropic angular distribution.
  • Thermal fluence rates ranging from 700-1000 cm-2s-1.

Conclusions:

  • HOTNES offers a highly uniform and controllable thermal neutron irradiation environment.
  • The facility is suitable for irradiating large devices uniformly.
  • The design facilitates diverse applications requiring precise neutron exposure.