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Related Concept Videos

Types of Hormones02:13

Types of Hormones

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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Plant Hormones

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
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Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
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Estrogen Hormone Biology.

Katherine J Hamilton1, Sylvia C Hewitt1, Yukitomo Arao1

  • 1Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|May 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Estrogen is a vital hormone influencing reproduction and multiple biological systems.
  • It is implicated in diseases like infertility, obesity, osteoporosis, endometriosis, and cancers.
  • Estrogen exerts its effects via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct physiological roles and mechanistic functionalities of ERα and ERβ.
  • To understand how these receptors contribute to human health and disease.
  • To provide a foundation for developing therapies for estrogen-related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on estrogen signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of gene expression profiles for ERα and ERβ.
Keywords:
ERERαERβEstrogenEstrogen receptor

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  • Examination of data from mouse models with Esr1 and Esr2 gene knockouts/mutations.

    • Main Results:

    • ERα primarily regulates uterine and neuroendocrine functions; its absence causes infertility in female mice.
    • ERβ is mainly expressed in ovarian granulosa cells; its absence leads to subfertility in female mice.
    • Distinct expression patterns and knockout studies reveal unique roles for ERα and ERβ.

    Conclusions:

    • ERα and ERβ possess unique physiological roles crucial for reproductive health.
    • Understanding receptor-specific functions is essential for targeted therapeutic development.
    • Further research into estrogen receptor mechanisms will advance treatments for estrogen-dependent diseases.