Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 2, 2026
Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
Published on: September 18, 2020
Comparative Effectiveness of Plantar-Massage Techniques on Postural Control in Those With Chronic Ankle Instability
Erik A Wikstrom1, Kyeongtak Song1, Ashley Lea2
1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Context:
One of the major concerns after an acute lateral ankle sprain is the potential for development of chronic ankle instability (CAI). The existing research has determined that clinician-delivered plantar massage improves postural control in those with CAI. However, the effectiveness of self-administered treatments and the underlying cause of any improvements remain unclear.
Objectives:
To determine (1) the effectiveness of a self-administered plantar-massage treatment in those with CAI as well and (2) whether the postural-control improvements were due to the stimulation of the plantar cutaneous receptors.
Design:
Crossover study.
Setting:
University setting.
Patients Or Other Participants:
A total of 20 physically active individuals (6 men and 14 women) with self-reported CAI.
Intervention(S):
All participants completed 3 test sessions involving 3 treatments: a clinician-delivered manual plantar massage, a patient-delivered self-massage with a ball, and a clinician-delivered sensory brush massage.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Postural control was assessed using single-legged balance with eyes open and the Star Excursion Balance Test.
Results:
Static postural control improved (P ≤ .014) after each of the interventions. However, no changes in dynamic postural control after any of the interventions were observed (P > .05). No differences were observed between a clinician-delivered manual plantar massage and either a patient-delivered self-massage with a ball or a clinician-delivered sensory brush massage in any postural-control outcome.
Conclusions:
In those with CAI, single 5-minute sessions of traditional plantar massage, self-administered massage, and sensory brush massage each resulted in comparable static postural-control improvements. The results also provide empirical evidence suggesting that the mechanism for the postural-control improvements is the stimulation of the plantar cutaneous receptors.
