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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Use of a Foot-Induced Digitally Controlled Resistance Device for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation in Patients with Foot Paresis
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Movement amplitude on the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device: deep spinal muscle activity and movement control.

A Winnard1, D Debuse1, M Wilkinson1

  • 1Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|May 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study found that the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) effectively recruits lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles. Progressive increases in FRED movement amplitude enhance muscle recruitment and motor control challenges for low-back pain interventions.

Keywords:
Lumbar multifidusMotor controlPostureSpinal stabilityTransversus abdominis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology
  • Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
  • Motor Control Research

Background:

  • Low-back pain (LBP) is often associated with impaired motor control and atrophy of deep core muscles like the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA).
  • The Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) is a novel intervention tool designed to promote automatic activation of LM and TrA through cyclical lower-limb movements.
  • Previous research indicates FRED's potential for non-specific LBP management, but the impact of varying movement amplitudes on muscle engagement remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of different Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) movement amplitudes on the muscle thickness and movement variability of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA).
  • To provide an evidence-based foundation for optimizing FRED exercise prescription for individuals with low-back pain.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrasound imaging was employed to measure the muscle thickness of the LM and TrA in eight healthy male volunteers during FRED exercise at four distinct movement amplitudes.
  • Muscle thickness was normalized to resting values, and movement variability was quantified.
  • Magnitude-based inferences were utilized for comparative analysis across different amplitudes.

Main Results:

  • FRED exercise at all tested amplitudes significantly increased LM and TrA muscle thickness compared to rest, with increases of approximately 5 mm and 1 mm, respectively.
  • Higher movement amplitudes resulted in greater increases in TrA thickness, as well as elevated muscle thickness variability for both LM and TrA.
  • Increased movement variability was also observed with larger FRED amplitudes, suggesting a greater challenge to motor control.

Conclusions:

  • All tested amplitudes of the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) are effective in recruiting the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles.
  • A progressive training approach is recommended, initiating with the smallest amplitude and gradually increasing it as participants achieve consistent movement speed to continually challenge the motor control system.