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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Association between thyroid hormones and TRAIL.

Stella Bernardi1, Fleur Bossi1, Barbara Toffoli2

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy.

Clinical Biochemistry
|May 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones influence circulating TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) levels, increasing them in hyperthyroidism and decreasing them in hypothyroidism. TRAIL levels normalize with thyroid function restoration, suggesting TRAIL mediates thyroid hormone effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Circulating TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) may regulate body weight and metabolism.
  • Thyroid hormones potentially influence TRAIL tissue expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of overt thyroid disorders on circulating TRAIL levels.
  • To determine the relationship between thyroid hormones and TRAIL expression.

Main Methods:

  • Measured TRAIL levels in euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid patients.
  • Analyzed correlations between thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and TRAIL.
  • Assessed in vitro stimulation of TRAIL release by T3 and T4 on mononuclear cells.

Main Results:

  • Hyperthyroidism increased TRAIL levels; hypothyroidism decreased them.
  • TRAIL levels normalized upon restoration of thyroid function.
  • Found independent associations between TRAIL and free T3/T4; T3/T4 stimulated TRAIL release in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are associated with TRAIL expression in vivo and in vitro.
  • TRAIL may mediate some peripheral metabolic effects of thyroid hormones.
  • This study links thyroid function, TRAIL, and metabolic regulation.