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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Mitochondria and Angiogenesis.

Raluca Marcu1, Ying Zheng2, Brian J Hawkins2,3

  • 1San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. marcu.raluca@hsr.it.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endothelial mitochondria regulate blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) by controlling cell energy and signaling. Targeting these mitochondria offers potential treatments for vascular diseases.

Keywords:
AngiogenesisApoptosisEndothelial cellsMetabolismMitochondriaReactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an energy-intensive process crucial for development and disease.
  • Endothelial cells, despite oxygen availability, preferentially use glycolysis over mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy.
  • Endothelial mitochondria act as signaling hubs, influencing angiogenesis through reactive oxygen species, calcium, metabolism, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of mitochondrial functions in endothelial cells related to angiogenesis.
  • To highlight mitochondrial proteins directly involved in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis.
  • To discuss the clinical potential of mitochondrial-targeting compounds for vascular pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on mitochondrial roles in angiogenesis.
  • Analysis of mitochondrial proteins and their direct links to angiogenic processes.
  • Examination of recent findings on compounds targeting mitochondria for therapeutic angiogenesis modulation.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria play a dual role in angiogenesis, capable of both promoting and hindering the process.
  • Specific mitochondrial proteins are identified as key regulators of endothelial cell angiogenic capacity.
  • Mitochondrial targeting compounds demonstrate potential for therapeutic intervention in vascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial mitochondria are critical regulators of angiogenesis, influencing cell behavior through integrated signaling and metabolic pathways.
  • Targeting mitochondrial function presents a promising therapeutic strategy for managing vascular pathologies characterized by aberrant angiogenesis.