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Pathways to zoonotic spillover.

Raina K Plowright1, Colin R Parrish2, Hamish McCallum3

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Zoonotic spillover, the transmission of animal pathogens to humans, is poorly understood. A new framework reveals hierarchical barriers pathogens must cross, aiding prediction and prevention of these public health threats.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Zoonotic spillover poses a significant global public health challenge.
  • The mechanisms underlying animal-to-human pathogen transmission are not fully understood.
  • Multiple ecological, epidemiological, and behavioral factors influence spillover events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a synthetic framework for understanding animal-to-human pathogen transmission.
  • To integrate the diverse mechanisms involved in zoonotic spillover.
  • To provide a foundation for predicting and preventing zoonotic transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual synthesis of existing knowledge on zoonotic spillover.
  • Development of a hierarchical barrier framework for pathogen transmission.
  • Integration of ecological, epidemiological, and behavioral determinants.

Main Results:

  • A novel synthetic framework for zoonotic spillover is proposed.
  • All zoonotic pathogens must overcome a series of hierarchical barriers to infect humans.
  • The framework highlights the importance of understanding barrier interactions in space and time.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the functional and quantitative links between transmission barriers is crucial.
  • This framework can substantially improve the prediction and prevention of zoonotic spillover events.
  • The work lays the groundwork for transdisciplinary research and synthetic theory in zoonotic transmission.