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Neurons: The Axon

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....

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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

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Acute nutritional axonal neuropathy.

Johanna Hamel¹, Eric L Logigian¹

¹University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA.

|May 31, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Severe axonal polyneuropathy linked to nutritional deficiencies in alcoholism, bariatric surgery, or anorexia can be treated. Prompt vitamin supplementation and nutritional support improve outcomes for patients with this acute nerve condition.

Keywords:

Guillain-Barre syndrome alcohol neuropathic pain nutritional peripheral neuropathy

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Nutritional Science

Background:

Acute nutritional deficiency can lead to severe axonal polyneuropathy.
This condition is observed in patients with alcoholism, bariatric surgery (BS), or anorexia.

Observation:

A retrospective analysis identified 13 patients with severe, painful, axonal polyneuropathy.
Symptoms included sensory ataxia, areflexia, muscle weakness, poor nutrition, and weight loss over 2-12 weeks.
Low vitamin B6 and thiamine levels were noted in affected patients.

Findings:

Patients presented with sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy, often with prolonged vomiting and normal cerebrospinal fluid protein.
Thiamine deficiency was universal, and vitamin B6 deficiency was common before supplementation.
Improvement was observed with nutritional support and vitamin supplementation, with greater motor than sensory recovery.

Implications:

Acute or subacute axonal neuropathy associated with weight loss or vomiting in at-risk populations is likely a single syndrome caused by micronutrient deficiencies.
Early diagnosis and intervention with vitamin supplementation are crucial for managing this neurological condition.