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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response
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COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF TWO PARASITOID-HOST INTERACTIONS.

David M Althoff1, John N Thompson1,2

  • 1Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-4236.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parasitoid and host species show different geographic genetic structures, suggesting their coevolutionary interactions may occur at different scales. This highlights the potential for geographic mosaics in evolving species interactions.

Keywords:
Cytochrome oxidase I and IIgeographic structureparasitoid-host interactionsphylogeographypopulation differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Parasitoid-host interactions exhibit geographic structure in traits like virulence and defense.
  • Previous studies lacked molecular data to compare geographic structure of interacting species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the geographic genetic structure of parasitoids and their hosts using neutral markers.
  • To evaluate the geographic scale of coevolutionary interactions and the roles of selection and gene flow.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase I and II subunits) in parasitoids and hosts.
  • Analyzing geographic genetic structure of Agathis thompsoni/Greya subalba and Agathis n. sp./G. enchrysa.

Main Results:

  • Parasitoid and host species displayed incongruent patterns of geographic genetic structure.
  • The geographic scales of interaction evolution may differ between interacting species.

Conclusions:

  • Incongruent genetic structures support the formation of geographic mosaics in coevolving systems.
  • Local population interactions may not show a direct correspondence in traits due to varying selection and gene flow pressures.